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Official sources

Sources and references

Consult the official government information used across Frontiers Finance's calculators — income tax, payroll levies, registered accounts and retirement plans for Canada, the United States, Australia and New Zealand.

Official external references

The links below open official government websites in a new tab: the Canada Revenue Agency and Revenu Québec, the IRS and U.S. state revenue departments, Inland Revenue (IRD) in New Zealand, and the Australian Taxation Office.

Federal income tax

Federal personal income tax rates and income brackets applicable in Canada.

Canada Revenue Agency

Federal income tax

Federal personal income tax rates and brackets applicable to taxable income.

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Provincial and territorial income tax

Income tax rates and brackets applicable in Canada's ten provinces and three territories.

Canada Revenue Agency

Alberta income tax

Provincial tax rates and brackets applicable to Alberta residents.

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Canada Revenue Agency

British Columbia income tax

Provincial tax rates and brackets applicable to British Columbia residents.

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Canada Revenue Agency

Manitoba income tax

Provincial tax rates and brackets applicable to Manitoba residents.

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Canada Revenue Agency

New Brunswick income tax

Provincial tax rates and brackets applicable to New Brunswick residents.

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Canada Revenue Agency

Newfoundland and Labrador income tax

Provincial tax rates and brackets applicable to Newfoundland and Labrador residents.

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Canada Revenue Agency

Nova Scotia income tax

Provincial tax rates and brackets applicable to Nova Scotia residents.

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Canada Revenue Agency

Ontario income tax

Provincial tax rates and brackets applicable to Ontario residents.

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Canada Revenue Agency

Prince Edward Island income tax

Provincial tax rates and brackets applicable to Prince Edward Island residents.

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Revenu Québec

Quebec income tax

Provincial tax rates and brackets officially published by Revenu Québec.

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Canada Revenue Agency

Saskatchewan income tax

Provincial tax rates and brackets applicable to Saskatchewan residents.

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Canada Revenue Agency

Northwest Territories income tax

Territorial tax rates and brackets applicable to Northwest Territories residents.

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Canada Revenue Agency

Nunavut income tax

Territorial tax rates and brackets applicable to Nunavut residents.

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Canada Revenue Agency

Yukon income tax

Territorial tax rates and brackets applicable to Yukon residents.

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Registered accounts and plans

Official sources covering contribution room, deductions, grants and rules for TFSAs, FHSAs, RRSPs and RESPs.

Canada Revenue Agency

TFSA contribution room

Official method for calculating available room using annual limits, contributions and withdrawals.

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Canada Revenue Agency

FHSA participation room

Official rules covering annual room, carryforwards, contributions and transfers from an RRSP.

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Canada Revenue Agency

RRSP contribution room

Official information covering deduction limits, unused room and adjustments applicable to RRSPs.

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Government of Canada

RESPs and government grants

Official rules covering RESP contributions, the CESG, contribution limits and education payments.

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Canada Revenue Agency

Registered Retirement Income Fund (RRIF)

Official CRA information on RRIFs, including withdrawals and requirements that apply to registered retirement income funds.

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Canada Revenue Agency

RRSP and FHSA Tax Deductions

Official information on the tax deductions associated with contributions to RRSPs and FHSAs.

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Canada Revenue Agency

RRSP Withdrawals and Withholding Tax

CRA rules covering RRSP withdrawals, withholding tax and the tax treatment of amounts withdrawn from an RRSP.

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Service Canada

Old Age Security (OAS) Pension

Official information on Old Age Security eligibility, payments and the main rules governing the OAS pension.

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Canada Revenue Agency

TFSA and RRSP

Official CRA information on TFSAs and the tax rules used to compare the characteristics of TFSAs and RRSPs.

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Canada Revenue Agency

Canada Child Benefit (CCB)

Official CRA information on the Canada Child Benefit, including eligibility and benefit calculations.

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United States

Official references used for U.S. tax calculators, retirement accounts, payroll withholding and state tax information.

IRS

Federal Income Tax Rates and Brackets

Official IRS federal income tax rates and tax brackets for individuals.

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IRS

Publication 15-T — Federal Income Tax Withholding

Official IRS methods and withholding tables used to calculate federal payroll withholding from Form W-4.

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Social Security Administration

Social Security Wage Base

Official Social Security contribution rates and the annual Social Security wage base.

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IRS

Traditional IRA

Official rules for Traditional IRA eligibility, contributions, deductions, and withdrawals.

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IRS

Roth IRA

Official rules for Roth IRA eligibility, income limits, contributions, and withdrawals.

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IRS

401(k) Contribution Limits

Official annual 401(k) contribution limits, catch-up contributions, and retirement plan limitations.

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Florida Department of Revenue

Florida Individual Income Tax

Official information about Florida taxation, including the absence of a state individual income tax.

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Texas Comptroller

Texas income tax

Official Texas tax information. Texas does not levy an individual state income tax.

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New York State Department of Taxation and Finance

New York State income tax

Official New York State income tax rates, withholding guidance and tax forms.

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California Franchise Tax Board

California income tax

Official California income tax rates, withholding guidance and tax forms.

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Washington Department of Revenue

Washington income tax

Official Washington Department of Revenue information. Washington does not levy a state personal income tax.

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Tennessee Department of Revenue

Tennessee income tax

Official Tennessee Department of Revenue information. Tennessee does not levy a state personal income tax.

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Nevada Department of Taxation

Nevada income tax

Official Nevada Department of Taxation information. Nevada does not levy a state personal income tax.

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Wyoming Department of Revenue

Wyoming income tax

Official Wyoming Department of Revenue information. Wyoming does not levy a state personal income tax.

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Alaska Department of Revenue

Alaska income tax

Official Alaska Department of Revenue information. Alaska does not levy a state personal income tax.

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Illinois Department of Revenue

Illinois Individual Income Tax

Official information about Illinois individual income tax, tax rates, filing requirements and forms.

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Pennsylvania Department of Revenue

Pennsylvania Personal Income Tax

Official information about Pennsylvania personal income tax, tax rates, filing requirements and forms.

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Georgia Department of Revenue

Georgia Individual Income Tax

Official information about Georgia individual income tax, tax rates, filing requirements and forms.

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North Carolina Department of Revenue

North Carolina Individual Income Tax

Official information about North Carolina individual income tax, tax rates, filing requirements and forms.

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Michigan Department of Treasury

Michigan Individual Income Tax

Official information about Michigan individual income tax, tax rates, filing requirements and forms.

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Massachusetts Department of Revenue

Massachusetts Personal Income Tax

Official information about Massachusetts personal income tax, tax rates, filing requirements and forms.

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Comptroller of Maryland

Maryland Individual Income Tax

Official information about Maryland state and local individual income taxes, filing requirements and forms.

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Colorado Department of Revenue

Colorado Individual Income Tax

Official information about Colorado individual income tax, tax rates, filing requirements and forms.

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Indiana Department of Revenue

Indiana Individual Income Tax

Official information on Indiana individual income tax, tax rates, county taxes, deductions, and filing requirements.

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New Hampshire Department of Revenue Administration

New Hampshire Individual Taxes

Official tax information from New Hampshire, which does not impose a general state individual income tax on wages.

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Arizona Department of Revenue

Arizona Individual Income Tax

Official information on Arizona individual income tax, tax rates, deductions, and filing requirements.

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Kentucky Department of Revenue

Kentucky Individual Income Tax

Official information on Kentucky individual income tax, tax rates, deductions, and filing requirements.

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Ohio Department of Taxation

Ohio Individual Income Tax

Official information on Ohio individual income tax, tax rates, deductions, and filing requirements.

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Virginia Tax

Virginia Individual Income Tax

Official Virginia Tax information for individual income tax filing, rules, forms, deductions, credits and related resources.

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Missouri Department of Revenue

Missouri Individual Income Tax

Official Missouri Department of Revenue information for individual income tax, filing requirements, forms and tax resources.

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Wisconsin Department of Revenue

Wisconsin Individual Income Tax

Official Wisconsin Department of Revenue information for individual income tax, tax rates, filing requirements and forms.

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Alabama Department of Revenue

Alabama Individual Income Tax

Official Alabama Department of Revenue information for individual income tax rates, filing requirements, forms and related guidance.

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Louisiana Department of Revenue

Louisiana Individual Income Tax

Official Louisiana Department of Revenue information for individual income tax rates, filing requirements and forms.

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Utah State Tax Commission

Utah Individual Income Tax

Official Utah State Tax Commission information for individual income tax, forms, instructions, rates and filing resources.

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Iowa Department of Revenue

Iowa Individual Income Tax

Official Iowa Department of Revenue information for individual income tax, rates, filing requirements and tax guidance.

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Kansas Department of Revenue

Kansas Individual Income Tax

Official Kansas Department of Revenue resources for individual income tax forms, instructions and filing information.

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Mississippi Department of Revenue

Mississippi Individual Income Tax

Official Mississippi Department of Revenue information for individual income tax, rates, filing requirements and forms.

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Idaho State Tax Commission

Idaho Individual Income Tax

Official Idaho State Tax Commission information for individual income tax rates, filing requirements, forms and guidance.

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Maine Revenue Services

Maine Individual Income Tax

Official Maine Revenue Services information for individual income tax rates, forms, filing requirements and guidance.

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South Dakota Department of Revenue

South Dakota Individual Tax Information

Official South Dakota Department of Revenue information. South Dakota does not impose an individual state income tax.

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IRS

Social Security and Medicare (FICA)

Official IRS guidance for FICA payroll taxes used in the net salary calculation.

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Arkansas Department of Finance and Administration

Arkansas Individual Income Tax

Official Arkansas Department of Finance and Administration information for individual income tax, rates, filing requirements and forms.

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Connecticut Department of Revenue Services

Connecticut Individual Income Tax

Official Connecticut Department of Revenue Services information for individual income tax, rates, filing requirements and forms.

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Delaware Division of Revenue

Delaware Individual Income Tax

Official Delaware Division of Revenue information for individual income tax, rates, filing requirements and forms.

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Hawaii Department of Taxation

Hawaii Individual Income Tax

Official Hawaii Department of Taxation information for individual income tax, rates, filing requirements and forms.

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Minnesota Department of Revenue

Minnesota Individual Income Tax

Official Minnesota Department of Revenue information for individual income tax, rates, filing requirements and forms.

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Montana Department of Revenue

Montana Individual Income Tax

Official Montana Department of Revenue information for individual income tax, rates, filing requirements and forms.

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Nebraska Department of Revenue

Nebraska Individual Income Tax

Official Nebraska Department of Revenue information for individual income tax, rates, filing requirements and forms.

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New Jersey Division of Taxation

New Jersey Individual Income Tax

Official New Jersey Division of Taxation information for individual income tax, rates, filing requirements and forms.

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New Mexico Taxation and Revenue Department

New Mexico Individual Income Tax

Official New Mexico Taxation and Revenue Department information for individual income tax, rates, filing requirements and forms.

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North Dakota Office of State Tax Commissioner

North Dakota Individual Income Tax

Official North Dakota Office of State Tax Commissioner information for individual income tax, rates, filing requirements and forms.

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Oklahoma Tax Commission

Oklahoma Individual Income Tax

Official Oklahoma Tax Commission information for individual income tax, rates, filing requirements and forms.

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Oregon Department of Revenue

Oregon Individual Income Tax

Official Oregon Department of Revenue information for individual income tax, rates, filing requirements and forms.

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Rhode Island Division of Taxation

Rhode Island Individual Income Tax

Official Rhode Island Division of Taxation information for individual income tax, rates, filing requirements and forms.

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South Carolina Department of Revenue

South Carolina Individual Income Tax

Official South Carolina Department of Revenue information for individual income tax, rates, filing requirements and forms.

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Vermont Department of Taxes

Vermont Individual Income Tax

Official Vermont Department of Taxes information for individual income tax, rates, filing requirements and forms.

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West Virginia State Tax Department

West Virginia Individual Income Tax

Official West Virginia State Tax Department information for individual income tax, rates, filing requirements and forms.

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DC Office of Tax and Revenue

District of Columbia Individual Income Tax

Official DC Office of Tax and Revenue information for individual income tax, rates, filing requirements and forms.

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New Zealand

Official sources used for the New Zealand income tax and KiwiSaver calculators.

Inland Revenue (IRD)

Income Tax — New Zealand

Official information about individual income tax in New Zealand.

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Inland Revenue (IRD)

Income Tax Rates — New Zealand

Official individual income tax rates and brackets applicable in New Zealand.

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Inland Revenue (IRD)

ACC Earner's Levy

Official information about the ACC earner's levy rate and the maximum liable earnings threshold, collected through PAYE.

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Inland Revenue (IRD)

Independent Earner Tax Credit (IETC)

Official eligibility rules, income thresholds and abatement rate for the Independent Earner Tax Credit.

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Inland Revenue (IRD)

Donation Tax Credits

Official rules for claiming a tax credit on donations made to approved donee organisations.

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Inland Revenue (IRD)

Student Loan Repayments

Official repayment threshold and repayment rate for New Zealand-based student loan borrowers earning salary or wages.

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Inland Revenue (IRD)

KiwiSaver

Official information about how KiwiSaver works in New Zealand.

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Inland Revenue (IRD)

KiwiSaver Contributions

Official information about KiwiSaver contributions and the rules that apply to contributions.

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Australia

Official sources used for Australian income tax calculations, tax residency categories and the Medicare levy.

Australian Taxation Office

Individual income tax rates — Australian residents

Official individual income tax rates and brackets for Australian tax residents.

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Australian Taxation Office

Income tax rates — foreign residents

Official income tax rates applying to individuals treated as foreign residents for Australian tax purposes.

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Australian Taxation Office

Income tax rates — Working Holiday Makers

Specific income tax rates applying to eligible Working Holiday Makers in Australia.

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Australian Taxation Office

Medicare levy

Official information about the Medicare levy, including how it works and applicable reductions or exemptions.

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Australian Taxation Office

Superannuation

Official information about superannuation guarantee contributions, caps and how super works for individuals.

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Australian Taxation Office

Study and Training Loan Repayments (HECS-HELP)

Official repayment income thresholds and rates for HELP, HECS-HELP and other study and training support loans.

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Media & Graphics

Sources for illustrations, icons, and flags used across the platform.

Wikimedia

Official Flags Repository

Public domain vector images for official state flags.

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Unsplash

Stock Photography

Royalty-free photo library used for background graphics.

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Official information takes precedence

Frontiers Finance calculators provide general estimates. In case of a discrepancy, legislation, tax documents and information published by government authorities take precedence.